India-Russia Defence Ties: 60 Years of Unshakable Trust from MiG-21 to S-400 and BrahMos

India and Russia’s defence partnership, rooted in decades of strategic trust, continues to be a pillar of India’s security and sovereignty—despite shifting global alliances and growing US influence. From the iconic MiG-21 fighter jets to the cutting-edge S-400 air defence system, this alliance has evolved into a full-spectrum defence cooperation marked by technology transfer, joint production, and military synergy.

A Legacy That Began with the MiG-21

In 1962-63, India acquired MiG-21 fighter aircraft from the Soviet Union, marking a turning point in Indian Air Force capability. These aircraft played a crucial role in the 1965 and 1971 wars, as well as limited roles in the Kargil War of 1999.

This foundation expanded with the MiG-23, MiG-27, and MiG-29 during the 1970s and 80s. The MiG-27 delivered heavy bombardment in Kargil, while the MiG-29 still remains active in air defense roles today.

Su-30MKI: The Customized Powerhouse

The Su-30MKI, developed specifically for India in 1996, was a milestone in joint military collaboration. Co-produced with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), this fighter jet has become the backbone of Indian air superiority, playing a major role in recent operations like Operation Sindoor.

BrahMos Missile: A Joint Technological Marvel

A hallmark of Indo-Russian military innovation is the BrahMos missile, developed since 2001. This supersonic cruise missile, known for its speed and pinpoint accuracy, can be launched from land, sea, or air. In a recent operation, India used an air-launched BrahMos to target a Pakistani airbase—proving its effectiveness and deterrent value.

INS Vikramaditya: Blue-Water Naval Ambition

Commissioned in 2013, the INS Vikramaditya, a Russian-built aircraft carrier, reinforced India's maritime strength. Along with INS Vikrant (Soviet-designed), it has helped shape the Indian Navy into a true blue-water force, expanding India's presence in the Indian Ocean region.

S-400 Triumph: Strategic Air Defence Shield

In 2018, India signed a $5.43 billion deal with Russia for the S-400 Triumph system. Operational since 2021, it can detect and destroy threats at 400 km range, including enemy aircraft and missiles. The S-400 proved vital in defending India’s skies during Operation Sindoor and now forms a critical part of India’s missile shield.

AK-203 Rifles: Strengthening Ground Forces

Under the 2019 Indo-Russian agreement, the modern AK-203 rifles are being manufactured in Amethi, replacing outdated INSAS rifles. These high-performance rifles boost the combat effectiveness and reliability of soldiers on the frontlines.

T-72 and T-90 Tanks: Ground Power Reimagined

Introduced in 1979, the T-72 Ajeya tanks formed the backbone of India’s armored regiments, playing key roles in Operation Blue Star, Sri Lanka peacekeeping, Kargil War, and Operation Parakram.

Later, the acquisition and domestic production of T-90 tanks from 2001 brought enhanced capabilities—particularly suited for India’s desert warfare. T-90s, deployed along the Western border, are fast, resilient, and powerful, while contributing to the 'Make in India' initiative through local production.

Strategic Partnership Beyond Transactions

India-Russia defence ties are not transactional, but a strategic partnership rooted in mutual respect, reliability, and long-term vision. Russia has remained a trusted defence partner, even amidst global realignments and Western pressure.

This partnership not only strengthens India's defence capability but also aligns with India's goals of self-reliance, technological advancement, and a robust global standing.